Natural Bioactive Phytocompounds to Reduce Toxicity in Common Carp Cyprinus carpio: A Challenge to Environmental Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials, due to their large aspect-to-size ratio and reactive surfaces that facilitate access through biological barriers, can induce oxidative stress in host cells. Therefore, there is a growing concern about the risks of nanomaterials. This study investigated effects copper (1.5 mg/L) as CuO or nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) common carp Cyprinus carpio along with beneficial Myristiga fragrans seed extract (MFSE) administrated post-treatment at different doses (4 8 12 for 28 days. The MFSE exhibited protective role by reducing dose-dependent manner bioaccumulation Cu level (from 2.46 1.03 µg/Kg gills; from 2.44 1.06 kidney) Cu-NPs treated carps 1.23 2.47 1.09 well modulating blood parameters. A mitigation histological alterations induced exposure gills (i.e., primary secondary lamellar degeneration, fusion, necrosis) kidneys abnormal glomerulus, tubular injury, was also observed after administration. dietary supplementation modulated antioxidant defense respect elevated levels lipid peroxidation (LPO) glutathione (GST) reduced catalase (CAT) Cu-NPs. Overall, Cu-NPs-induced toxicity C. mitigated using MFSE. Further studies are suggested determine optimum dose delivery method guarantee sustainable conservation aquatic species.